import csvf = open('myclone.csv', 'rb')reader = csv.reader(f)
headers = reader.next()
column = {}
for h in headers:
column[h] = []
for row in reader:
for h, v in zip(headers, row):
column[h].append(v)
Sunday, August 21, 2016
Read csv file with header
The Image Module
The Image module provides a class with the same name which
is used to represent a PIL image. The module also provides a number of
factory functions, including functions to load images from files, and
to create new images.
Examples #
The following script loads an image, rotates it 45 degrees, and displays it using an external viewer (usually xv on Unix, and the paint program on Windows).
Open, rotate, and display an image (using the default viewer)
The following script creates nice 128x128 thumbnails of all JPEG
images in the current directory.from PIL import Image im = Image.open("bride.jpg") im.rotate(45).show()
Create thumbnails
from PIL import Image import glob, os size = 128, 128 for infile in glob.glob("*.jpg"): file, ext = os.path.splitext(infile) im = Image.open(infile) im.thumbnail(size, Image.ANTIALIAS) im.save(file + ".thumbnail", "JPEG")
Functions #
new #
Image.new(mode, size)
⇒ image
Image.new(mode, size, color) ⇒ image
Creates a new image with the given mode and size. Size is given as a (width, height)-tuple, in pixels. The color is given as a single value for single-band images, and a tuple for multi-band images (with one value for each band). In 1.1.4 and later, you can also use color names (see the ImageColor module documentation for details) If the color argument is omitted, the image is filled with zero (this usually corresponds to black). If the color is None, the image is not initialised. This can be useful if you’re going to paste or draw things in the image.
Image.new(mode, size, color) ⇒ image
Creates a new image with the given mode and size. Size is given as a (width, height)-tuple, in pixels. The color is given as a single value for single-band images, and a tuple for multi-band images (with one value for each band). In 1.1.4 and later, you can also use color names (see the ImageColor module documentation for details) If the color argument is omitted, the image is filled with zero (this usually corresponds to black). If the color is None, the image is not initialised. This can be useful if you’re going to paste or draw things in the image.
from PIL import Image im = Image.new("RGB", (512, 512), "white")
open #
Image.open(file)
⇒ image
Image.open(file, mode) ⇒ image
Opens and identifies the given image file. This is a lazy operation; the function reads the file header, but the actual image data is not read from the file until you try to process the data (call the load method to force loading). If the mode argument is given, it must be “r”.
You can use either a string (representing the filename) or a file object as the file argument. In the latter case, the file object must implement read, seek, and tell methods, and be opened in binary mode.
Image.open(file, mode) ⇒ image
Opens and identifies the given image file. This is a lazy operation; the function reads the file header, but the actual image data is not read from the file until you try to process the data (call the load method to force loading). If the mode argument is given, it must be “r”.
You can use either a string (representing the filename) or a file object as the file argument. In the latter case, the file object must implement read, seek, and tell methods, and be opened in binary mode.
from PIL import Image im = Image.open("lenna.jpg")
from PIL import image from StringIO import StringIO # read data from string im = Image.open(StringIO(data))
blend #
Image.blend(image1, image2, alpha)
⇒ image
Creates a new image by interpolating between the given images, using a constant alpha. Both images must have the same size and mode.
Creates a new image by interpolating between the given images, using a constant alpha. Both images must have the same size and mode.
out = image1 * (1.0 - alpha) + image2 * alphaIf the alpha is 0.0, a copy of the first image is returned. If the alpha is 1.0, a copy of the second image is returned. There are no restrictions on the alpha value. If necessary, the result is clipped to fit into the allowed output range.
composite #
Image.composite(image1, image2, mask)
⇒ image
Creates a new image by interpolating between the given images, using the corresponding pixels from a mask image as alpha. The mask can have mode “1”, “L”, or “RGBA”. All images must be the same size.
Creates a new image by interpolating between the given images, using the corresponding pixels from a mask image as alpha. The mask can have mode “1”, “L”, or “RGBA”. All images must be the same size.
eval #
Image.eval(image, function)
⇒ image
Applies the function (which should take one argument) to each pixel in the given image. If the image has more than one band, the same function is applied to each band. Note that the function is evaluated once for each possible pixel value, so you cannot use random components or other generators.
Applies the function (which should take one argument) to each pixel in the given image. If the image has more than one band, the same function is applied to each band. Note that the function is evaluated once for each possible pixel value, so you cannot use random components or other generators.
frombuffer #
Image.frombuffer(mode, size, data)
⇒ image
(New in PIL 1.1.4). Creates an image memory from pixel data in a string or buffer object, using the standard “raw” decoder. For some modes, the image memory will share memory with the original buffer (this means that changes to the original buffer object are reflected in the image). Not all modes can share memory; supported modes include “L”, “RGBX”, “RGBA”, and “CMYK”. For other modes, this function behaves like a corresponding call to the fromstring function.
Same as the corresponding fromstring call.
(New in PIL 1.1.4). Creates an image memory from pixel data in a string or buffer object, using the standard “raw” decoder. For some modes, the image memory will share memory with the original buffer (this means that changes to the original buffer object are reflected in the image). Not all modes can share memory; supported modes include “L”, “RGBX”, “RGBA”, and “CMYK”. For other modes, this function behaves like a corresponding call to the fromstring function.
Note: In versions up to and including 1.1.6,
the default orientation differs from that of fromstring. This
may be changed in future versions, so for maximum portability, it’s
recommended that you spell out all arguments when using the “raw”
decoder:
im = Image.frombuffer(mode, size, data, "raw", mode, 0, 1)
Image.frombuffer(mode, size, data, decoder, parameters)
⇒ imageSame as the corresponding fromstring call.
fromstring #
Image.fromstring(mode, size, data)
⇒ image
Creates an image memory from pixel data in a string, using the standard “raw” decoder.
Image.fromstring(mode, size, data, decoder, parameters) ⇒ image
Same, but allows you to use any pixel decoder supported by PIL. For more information on available decoders, see the section Writing Your Own File Decoder.
Note that this function decodes pixel data only, not entire images. If you have an entire image file in a string, wrap it in a StringIO object, and use open to load it.
Creates an image memory from pixel data in a string, using the standard “raw” decoder.
Image.fromstring(mode, size, data, decoder, parameters) ⇒ image
Same, but allows you to use any pixel decoder supported by PIL. For more information on available decoders, see the section Writing Your Own File Decoder.
Note that this function decodes pixel data only, not entire images. If you have an entire image file in a string, wrap it in a StringIO object, and use open to load it.
merge #
Image.merge(mode, bands)
⇒ image
Creates a new image from a number of single band images. The bands are given as a tuple or list of images, one for each band described by the mode. All bands must have the same size.
Creates a new image from a number of single band images. The bands are given as a tuple or list of images, one for each band described by the mode. All bands must have the same size.
Methods #
An instance of the Image class has the following methods. Unless otherwise stated, all methods return a new instance of the Image class, holding the resulting image.convert #
im.convert(mode)
⇒ image
Converts an image to another mode, and returns the new image.
When converting from a palette image, this translates pixels through the palette. If mode is omitted, a mode is chosen so that all information in the image and the palette can be represented without a palette.
When converting from a colour image to black and white, the library uses the ITU-R 601-2 luma transform:
im.convert(“P”, **options) ⇒ image
Same, but provides better control when converting an “RGB” image to an 8-bit palette image. Available options are:
dither=. Controls dithering. The default is FLOYDSTEINBERG, which distributes errors to neighboring pixels. To disable dithering, use NONE.
palette=. Controls palette generation. The default is WEB, which is the standard 216-color “web palette”. To use an optimized palette, use ADAPTIVE.
colors=. Controls the number of colors used for the palette when palette is ADAPTIVE. Defaults to the maximum value, 256 colors.
im.convert(mode, matrix) ⇒ image
Converts an “RGB” image to “L” or “RGB” using a conversion matrix. The matrix is a 4- or 16-tuple.
The following example converts an RGB image (linearly calibrated according to ITU-R 709, using the D65 luminant) to the CIE XYZ colour space:
Converts an image to another mode, and returns the new image.
When converting from a palette image, this translates pixels through the palette. If mode is omitted, a mode is chosen so that all information in the image and the palette can be represented without a palette.
When converting from a colour image to black and white, the library uses the ITU-R 601-2 luma transform:
L = R * 299/1000 + G * 587/1000 + B * 114/1000When converting to a bilevel image (mode “1”), the source image is first converted to black and white. Resulting values larger than 127 are then set to white, and the image is dithered. To use other thresholds, use the point method. To disable dithering, use the dither= option (see below).
im.convert(“P”, **options) ⇒ image
Same, but provides better control when converting an “RGB” image to an 8-bit palette image. Available options are:
dither=. Controls dithering. The default is FLOYDSTEINBERG, which distributes errors to neighboring pixels. To disable dithering, use NONE.
palette=. Controls palette generation. The default is WEB, which is the standard 216-color “web palette”. To use an optimized palette, use ADAPTIVE.
colors=. Controls the number of colors used for the palette when palette is ADAPTIVE. Defaults to the maximum value, 256 colors.
im.convert(mode, matrix) ⇒ image
Converts an “RGB” image to “L” or “RGB” using a conversion matrix. The matrix is a 4- or 16-tuple.
The following example converts an RGB image (linearly calibrated according to ITU-R 709, using the D65 luminant) to the CIE XYZ colour space:
Convert RGB to XYZ
rgb2xyz = (
0.412453, 0.357580, 0.180423, 0,
0.212671, 0.715160, 0.072169, 0,
0.019334, 0.119193, 0.950227, 0 )
out = im.convert("RGB", rgb2xyz)
copy #
im.copy()
⇒ image
Copies the image. Use this method if you wish to paste things into an image, but still retain the original.
Copies the image. Use this method if you wish to paste things into an image, but still retain the original.
crop #
im.crop(box)
⇒ image
Returns a copy of a rectangular region from the current image. The box is a 4-tuple defining the left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate.
This is a lazy operation. Changes to the source image may or may not be reflected in the cropped image. To get a separate copy, call the load method on the cropped copy.
Returns a copy of a rectangular region from the current image. The box is a 4-tuple defining the left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate.
This is a lazy operation. Changes to the source image may or may not be reflected in the cropped image. To get a separate copy, call the load method on the cropped copy.
draft #
im.draft(mode, size)
Configures the image file loader so it returns a version of the image that as closely as possible matches the given mode and size. For example, you can use this method to convert a colour JPEG to greyscale while loading it, or to extract a 128x192 version from a PCD file.
Note that this method modifies the Image object in place (to be precise, it reconfigures the file reader). If the image has already been loaded, this method has no effect.
Configures the image file loader so it returns a version of the image that as closely as possible matches the given mode and size. For example, you can use this method to convert a colour JPEG to greyscale while loading it, or to extract a 128x192 version from a PCD file.
Note that this method modifies the Image object in place (to be precise, it reconfigures the file reader). If the image has already been loaded, this method has no effect.
filter #
im.filter(filter)
⇒ image
Returns a copy of an image filtered by the given filter. For a list of available filters, see the ImageFilter module.
Returns a copy of an image filtered by the given filter. For a list of available filters, see the ImageFilter module.
fromstring #
im.fromstring(data)
im.fromstring(data, decoder, parameters)
Same as the fromstring function, but loads data into the current image.
im.fromstring(data, decoder, parameters)
Same as the fromstring function, but loads data into the current image.
getbands #
im.getbands()
⇒ tuple of strings
Returns a tuple containing the name of each band. For example, getbands on an RGB image returns (“R”, “G”, “B”).
Returns a tuple containing the name of each band. For example, getbands on an RGB image returns (“R”, “G”, “B”).
getbbox #
im.getbbox()
⇒ 4-tuple or None
Calculates the bounding box of the non-zero regions in the image. The bounding box is returned as a 4-tuple defining the left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate. If the image is completely empty, this method returns None.
Calculates the bounding box of the non-zero regions in the image. The bounding box is returned as a 4-tuple defining the left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate. If the image is completely empty, this method returns None.
getcolors #
im.getcolors()
⇒ a list of (count, color) tuples or None
im.getcolors(maxcolors) ⇒ a list of (count, color) tuples or None
(New in 1.1.5) Returns an unsorted list of (count, color) tuples, where count is the number of times the corresponding color occurs in the image.
If the maxcolors value is exceeded, the method stops counting and returns None. The default maxcolors value is 256. To make sure you get all colors in an image, you can pass in size[0]*size[1] (but make sure you have lots of memory before you do that on huge images).
im.getcolors(maxcolors) ⇒ a list of (count, color) tuples or None
(New in 1.1.5) Returns an unsorted list of (count, color) tuples, where count is the number of times the corresponding color occurs in the image.
If the maxcolors value is exceeded, the method stops counting and returns None. The default maxcolors value is 256. To make sure you get all colors in an image, you can pass in size[0]*size[1] (but make sure you have lots of memory before you do that on huge images).
getdata #
im.getdata()
⇒ sequence
Returns the contents of an image as a sequence object containing pixel values. The sequence object is flattened, so that values for line one follow directly after the values of line zero, and so on.
Note that the sequence object returned by this method is an internal PIL data type, which only supports certain sequence operations, including iteration and basic sequence access. To convert it to an ordinary sequence (e.g. for printing), use list(im.getdata()).
Returns the contents of an image as a sequence object containing pixel values. The sequence object is flattened, so that values for line one follow directly after the values of line zero, and so on.
Note that the sequence object returned by this method is an internal PIL data type, which only supports certain sequence operations, including iteration and basic sequence access. To convert it to an ordinary sequence (e.g. for printing), use list(im.getdata()).
getextrema #
im.getextrema()
⇒ 2-tuple
Returns a 2-tuple containing the minimum and maximum values of the image. In the current version of PIL, this only works for single-band images.
Returns a 2-tuple containing the minimum and maximum values of the image. In the current version of PIL, this only works for single-band images.
getpixel #
im.getpixel(xy)
⇒ value or tuple
Returns the pixel at the given position. If the image is a multi-layer image, this method returns a tuple.
Note that this method is rather slow; if you need to process larger parts of an image from Python, you can either use pixel access objects (see load), or the getdata method.
Returns the pixel at the given position. If the image is a multi-layer image, this method returns a tuple.
Note that this method is rather slow; if you need to process larger parts of an image from Python, you can either use pixel access objects (see load), or the getdata method.
histogram #
im.histogram()
⇒ list
Returns a histogram for the image. The histogram is returned as a list of pixel counts, one for each pixel value in the source image. If the image has more than one band, the histograms for all bands are concatenated (for example, the histogram for an “RGB” image contains 768 values).
A bilevel image (mode “1”) is treated as a greyscale (“L”) image by this method.
im.histogram(mask) ⇒ list
Returns a histogram for those parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero. The mask image must have the same size as the image, and be either a bi-level image (mode “1”) or a greyscale image (“L”).
Returns a histogram for the image. The histogram is returned as a list of pixel counts, one for each pixel value in the source image. If the image has more than one band, the histograms for all bands are concatenated (for example, the histogram for an “RGB” image contains 768 values).
A bilevel image (mode “1”) is treated as a greyscale (“L”) image by this method.
im.histogram(mask) ⇒ list
Returns a histogram for those parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero. The mask image must have the same size as the image, and be either a bi-level image (mode “1”) or a greyscale image (“L”).
load #
im.load()
Allocates storage for the image and loads it from the file (or from the source, for lazy operations). In normal cases, you don’t need to call this method, since the Image class automatically loads an opened image when it is accessed for the first time.
(New in 1.1.6) In 1.1.6 and later, load returns a pixel access object that can be used to read and modify pixels. The access object behaves like a 2-dimensional array, so you can do:
Access via this object is a lot faster than getpixel and
putpixel.Allocates storage for the image and loads it from the file (or from the source, for lazy operations). In normal cases, you don’t need to call this method, since the Image class automatically loads an opened image when it is accessed for the first time.
(New in 1.1.6) In 1.1.6 and later, load returns a pixel access object that can be used to read and modify pixels. The access object behaves like a 2-dimensional array, so you can do:
pix = im.load()
print pix[x, y]
pix[x, y] = value
offset #
im.offset(xoffset, yoffset)
⇒ image
(Deprecated) Returns a copy of the image where the data has been offset by the given distances. Data wraps around the edges. If yoffset is omitted, it is assumed to be equal to xoffset.
This method is deprecated, and has been removed in PIL 1.2. New code should use the offset function in the ImageChops module.
(Deprecated) Returns a copy of the image where the data has been offset by the given distances. Data wraps around the edges. If yoffset is omitted, it is assumed to be equal to xoffset.
This method is deprecated, and has been removed in PIL 1.2. New code should use the offset function in the ImageChops module.
paste #
im.paste(image, box)
Pastes another image into this image. The box argument is either a 2-tuple giving the upper left corner, a 4-tuple defining the left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate, or None (same as (0, 0)). If a 4-tuple is given, the size of the pasted image must match the size of the region.
If the modes don’t match, the pasted image is converted to the mode of this image (see the convert method for details).
im.paste(colour, box)
Same as above, but fills the region with a single colour. The colour is given as a single numerical value for single-band images, and a tuple for multi-band images.
im.paste(image, box, mask)
Same as above, but updates only the regions indicated by the mask. You can use either “1”, “L” or “RGBA” images (in the latter case, the alpha band is used as mask). Where the mask is 255, the given image is copied as is. Where the mask is 0, the current value is preserved. Intermediate values can be used for transparency effects.
Note that if you paste an “RGBA” image, the alpha band is ignored. You can work around this by using the same image as both source image and mask.
im.paste(colour, box, mask)
Same as above, but fills the region indicated by the mask with a single colour.
Pastes another image into this image. The box argument is either a 2-tuple giving the upper left corner, a 4-tuple defining the left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate, or None (same as (0, 0)). If a 4-tuple is given, the size of the pasted image must match the size of the region.
If the modes don’t match, the pasted image is converted to the mode of this image (see the convert method for details).
im.paste(colour, box)
Same as above, but fills the region with a single colour. The colour is given as a single numerical value for single-band images, and a tuple for multi-band images.
im.paste(image, box, mask)
Same as above, but updates only the regions indicated by the mask. You can use either “1”, “L” or “RGBA” images (in the latter case, the alpha band is used as mask). Where the mask is 255, the given image is copied as is. Where the mask is 0, the current value is preserved. Intermediate values can be used for transparency effects.
Note that if you paste an “RGBA” image, the alpha band is ignored. You can work around this by using the same image as both source image and mask.
im.paste(colour, box, mask)
Same as above, but fills the region indicated by the mask with a single colour.
point #
im.point(table)
⇒ image
im.point(function) ⇒ image
Returns a copy of the image where each pixel has been mapped through the given lookup table. The table should contains 256 values per band in the image. If a function is used instead, it should take a single argument. The function is called once for each possible pixel value, and the resulting table is applied to all bands of the image.
If the image has mode “I” (integer) or “F” (floating point), you must use a function, and the function must have the following format:
im.point(table, mode) ⇒ image
im.point(function, mode) ⇒ image
Same as above, but specifies a new mode for the output image. This can be used to convert “L” and “P” images to “1” in one step, e.g. to threshold an image.
(New in 1.1.5) This form can also be used to convert “L” images to “I” or “F”, and to convert “I” images with 16-bit data to “L”. In the second case, you must use a 65536-item lookup table.
im.point(function) ⇒ image
Returns a copy of the image where each pixel has been mapped through the given lookup table. The table should contains 256 values per band in the image. If a function is used instead, it should take a single argument. The function is called once for each possible pixel value, and the resulting table is applied to all bands of the image.
If the image has mode “I” (integer) or “F” (floating point), you must use a function, and the function must have the following format:
argument * scale + offsetExample:
out = im.point(lambda i: i * 1.2 + 10)
You can leave out either the scale or the offset.im.point(table, mode) ⇒ image
im.point(function, mode) ⇒ image
Same as above, but specifies a new mode for the output image. This can be used to convert “L” and “P” images to “1” in one step, e.g. to threshold an image.
(New in 1.1.5) This form can also be used to convert “L” images to “I” or “F”, and to convert “I” images with 16-bit data to “L”. In the second case, you must use a 65536-item lookup table.
putalpha #
im.putalpha(band)
Copies the given band to the alpha layer of the current image.
The image must be an “RGBA” image, and the band must be either “L” or “1”.
(New in PIL 1.1.5) You can use putalpha on other modes as well; the image is converted in place, to a mode that matches the current mode but has an alpha layer (this usually means “LA” or “RGBA”). Also, the band argument can be either an image, or a colour value (an integer).
Copies the given band to the alpha layer of the current image.
The image must be an “RGBA” image, and the band must be either “L” or “1”.
(New in PIL 1.1.5) You can use putalpha on other modes as well; the image is converted in place, to a mode that matches the current mode but has an alpha layer (this usually means “LA” or “RGBA”). Also, the band argument can be either an image, or a colour value (an integer).
putdata #
im.putdata(data)
im.putdata(data, scale, offset)
Copy pixel values from a sequence object into the image, starting at the upper left corner (0, 0). The scale and offset values are used to adjust the sequence values:
im.putdata(data, scale, offset)
Copy pixel values from a sequence object into the image, starting at the upper left corner (0, 0). The scale and offset values are used to adjust the sequence values:
pixel = value * scale + offsetIf the scale is omitted, it defaults to 1.0. If the offset is omitted, it defaults to 0.0.
putpalette #
im.putpalette(sequence)
Attach a palette to a “P” or “L” image. For an “L” image, the mode is changed to “P”. The palette sequence should contain 768 integer values, where each group of three values represent the red, green, and blue values for the corresponding pixel index. Instead of an integer sequence, you can use a 768-byte string.
Attach a palette to a “P” or “L” image. For an “L” image, the mode is changed to “P”. The palette sequence should contain 768 integer values, where each group of three values represent the red, green, and blue values for the corresponding pixel index. Instead of an integer sequence, you can use a 768-byte string.
putpixel #
im.putpixel(xy, colour)
Modifies the pixel at the given position. The colour is given as a single numerical value for single-band images, and a tuple for multi-band images.
Note that this method is relatively slow. If you’re using 1.1.6, pixel access objects (see load) provide a faster way to modify the image. If you want to generate an entire image, it can be more efficient to create a Python list and use putdata to copy it to the image. For more extensive changes, use paste or the ImageDraw module instead.
You can speed putpixel up a bit by “inlining” the call to the internal putpixel implementation method:
Modifies the pixel at the given position. The colour is given as a single numerical value for single-band images, and a tuple for multi-band images.
Note that this method is relatively slow. If you’re using 1.1.6, pixel access objects (see load) provide a faster way to modify the image. If you want to generate an entire image, it can be more efficient to create a Python list and use putdata to copy it to the image. For more extensive changes, use paste or the ImageDraw module instead.
You can speed putpixel up a bit by “inlining” the call to the internal putpixel implementation method:
im.load()
putpixel = im.im.putpixel
for i in range(n):
...
putpixel((x, y), value)
In 1.1.6, the above is better written as: pix = im.load()
for i in range(n):
...
pix[x, y] = value
quantize #
im.quantize(colors, **options)
⇒ image
(Deprecated) Converts an “L” or “RGB” image to a “P” image with the given number of colors, and returns the new image.
For new code, use convert with a adaptive palette instead:
(Deprecated) Converts an “L” or “RGB” image to a “P” image with the given number of colors, and returns the new image.
For new code, use convert with a adaptive palette instead:
out = im.convert("P", palette=Image.ADAPTIVE, colors=256)
resize #
im.resize(size)
⇒ image
im.resize(size, filter) ⇒ image
Returns a resized copy of an image. The size argument gives the requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple: (width, height).
The filter argument can be one of NEAREST (use nearest neighbour), BILINEAR (linear interpolation in a 2x2 environment), BICUBIC (cubic spline interpolation in a 4x4 environment), or ANTIALIAS (a high-quality downsampling filter). If omitted, or if the image has mode “1” or “P”, it is set to NEAREST.
Note that the bilinear and bicubic filters in the current version of PIL are not well-suited for large downsampling ratios (e.g. when creating thumbnails). You should use ANTIALIAS unless speed is much more important than quality.
im.resize(size, filter) ⇒ image
Returns a resized copy of an image. The size argument gives the requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple: (width, height).
The filter argument can be one of NEAREST (use nearest neighbour), BILINEAR (linear interpolation in a 2x2 environment), BICUBIC (cubic spline interpolation in a 4x4 environment), or ANTIALIAS (a high-quality downsampling filter). If omitted, or if the image has mode “1” or “P”, it is set to NEAREST.
Note that the bilinear and bicubic filters in the current version of PIL are not well-suited for large downsampling ratios (e.g. when creating thumbnails). You should use ANTIALIAS unless speed is much more important than quality.
rotate #
im.rotate(angle)
⇒ image
im.rotate(angle, filter=NEAREST, expand=0) ⇒ image
Returns a copy of an image rotated the given number of degrees counter clockwise around its centre.
The filter argument can be one of NEAREST (use nearest neighbour), BILINEAR (linear interpolation in a 2x2 environment), or BICUBIC (cubic spline interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image has mode “1” or “P”, it is set to NEAREST.
The expand argument, if true, indicates that the output image should be made large enough to hold the rotated image. If omitted or false, the output image has the same size as the input image.
im.rotate(angle, filter=NEAREST, expand=0) ⇒ image
Returns a copy of an image rotated the given number of degrees counter clockwise around its centre.
The filter argument can be one of NEAREST (use nearest neighbour), BILINEAR (linear interpolation in a 2x2 environment), or BICUBIC (cubic spline interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image has mode “1” or “P”, it is set to NEAREST.
The expand argument, if true, indicates that the output image should be made large enough to hold the rotated image. If omitted or false, the output image has the same size as the input image.
save #
im.save(outfile, options…)
im.save(outfile, format, options…)
Saves the image under the given filename. If format is omitted, the format is determined from the filename extension, if possible. This method returns None.
Keyword options can be used to provide additional instructions to the writer. If a writer doesn’t recognise an option, it is silently ignored. The available options are described later in this handbook.
You can use a file object instead of a filename. In this case, you must always specify the format. The file object must implement the seek, tell, and write methods, and be opened in binary mode.
If the save fails, for some reason, the method will raise an exception (usually an IOError exception). If this happens, the method may have created the file, and may have written data to it. It’s up to your application to remove incomplete files, if necessary.
im.save(outfile, format, options…)
Saves the image under the given filename. If format is omitted, the format is determined from the filename extension, if possible. This method returns None.
Keyword options can be used to provide additional instructions to the writer. If a writer doesn’t recognise an option, it is silently ignored. The available options are described later in this handbook.
You can use a file object instead of a filename. In this case, you must always specify the format. The file object must implement the seek, tell, and write methods, and be opened in binary mode.
If the save fails, for some reason, the method will raise an exception (usually an IOError exception). If this happens, the method may have created the file, and may have written data to it. It’s up to your application to remove incomplete files, if necessary.
seek #
im.seek(frame)
Seeks to the given frame in a sequence file. If you seek beyond the end of the sequence, the method raises an EOFError exception. When a sequence file is opened, the library automatically seeks to frame 0.
Note that in the current version of the library, most sequence formats only allows you to seek to the next frame.
Seeks to the given frame in a sequence file. If you seek beyond the end of the sequence, the method raises an EOFError exception. When a sequence file is opened, the library automatically seeks to frame 0.
Note that in the current version of the library, most sequence formats only allows you to seek to the next frame.
show #
im.show()
Displays an image. This method is mainly intended for debugging purposes.
On Unix platforms, this method saves the image to a temporary PPM file, and calls the xv utility.
On Windows, it saves the image to a temporary BMP file, and uses the standard BMP display utility to show it.
This method returns None.
Displays an image. This method is mainly intended for debugging purposes.
On Unix platforms, this method saves the image to a temporary PPM file, and calls the xv utility.
On Windows, it saves the image to a temporary BMP file, and uses the standard BMP display utility to show it.
This method returns None.
split #
im.split()
⇒ sequence
Returns a tuple of individual image bands from an image. For example, splitting an “RGB” image creates three new images each containing a copy of one of the original bands (red, green, blue).
Returns a tuple of individual image bands from an image. For example, splitting an “RGB” image creates three new images each containing a copy of one of the original bands (red, green, blue).
tell #
im.tell()
⇒ integer
Returns the current frame number.
Returns the current frame number.
thumbnail #
im.thumbnail(size)
im.thumbnail(size, filter)
Modifies the image to contain a thumbnail version of itself, no larger than the given size. This method calculates an appropriate thumbnail size to preserve the aspect of the image, calls the draft method to configure the file reader (where applicable), and finally resizes the image.
The filter argument can be one of NEAREST, BILINEAR, BICUBIC, or ANTIALIAS (best quality). If omitted, it defaults to NEAREST.
Note that the bilinear and bicubic filters in the current version of PIL are not well-suited for thumbnail generation. You should use ANTIALIAS unless speed is much more important than quality.
Also note that this function modifies the Image object in place. If you need to use the full resolution image as well, apply this method to a copy of the original image. This method returns None.
im.thumbnail(size, filter)
Modifies the image to contain a thumbnail version of itself, no larger than the given size. This method calculates an appropriate thumbnail size to preserve the aspect of the image, calls the draft method to configure the file reader (where applicable), and finally resizes the image.
The filter argument can be one of NEAREST, BILINEAR, BICUBIC, or ANTIALIAS (best quality). If omitted, it defaults to NEAREST.
Note that the bilinear and bicubic filters in the current version of PIL are not well-suited for thumbnail generation. You should use ANTIALIAS unless speed is much more important than quality.
Also note that this function modifies the Image object in place. If you need to use the full resolution image as well, apply this method to a copy of the original image. This method returns None.
tobitmap #
im.tobitmap()
⇒ string
Returns the image converted to an X11 bitmap.
Returns the image converted to an X11 bitmap.
tostring #
im.tostring()
⇒ string
Returns a string containing pixel data, using the standard “raw” encoder.
im.tostring(encoder, parameters) ⇒ string
Returns a string containing pixel data, using the given data encoding.
Returns a string containing pixel data, using the standard “raw” encoder.
im.tostring(encoder, parameters) ⇒ string
Returns a string containing pixel data, using the given data encoding.
Note: The tostring method only fetches
the raw pixel data. To save the image to a string in a standard file
format, pass a StringIO object (or equivalent) to the save
method.
transform #
im.transform(size, method, data)
⇒ image
im.transform(size, method, data, filter) ⇒ image
Creates a new image with the given size, and the same mode as the original, and copies data to the new image using the given transform.
In the current version of PIL, the method argument can be EXTENT (cut out a rectangular subregion), AFFINE (affine transform), QUAD (map a quadrilateral to a rectangle), MESH (map a number of source quadrilaterals in one operation), or PERSPECTIVE. The various methods are described below.
The filter argument defines how to filter pixels from the source image. In the current version, it can be NEAREST (use nearest neighbour), BILINEAR (linear interpolation in a 2x2 environment), or BICUBIC (cubic spline interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image has mode “1” or “P”, it is set to NEAREST.
im.transform(size, EXTENT, data) ⇒ image
im.transform(size, EXTENT, data, filter) ⇒ image
Extracts a subregion from the image.
Data is a 4-tuple (x0, y0, x1, y1) which specifies two points in the input image’s coordinate system. The resulting image will contain data sampled from between these two points, such that (x0, y0) in the input image will end up at (0,0) in the output image, and (x1, y1) at size.
This method can be used to crop, stretch, shrink, or mirror an arbitrary rectangle in the current image. It is slightly slower than crop, but about as fast as a corresponding resize operation.
im.transform(size, AFFINE, data) ⇒ image
im.transform(size, AFFINE, data, filter) ⇒ image
Applies an affine transform to the image, and places the result in a new image with the given size.
Data is a 6-tuple (a, b, c, d, e, f) which contain the first two rows from an affine transform matrix. For each pixel (x, y) in the output image, the new value is taken from a position (a x + b y + c, d x + e y + f) in the input image, rounded to nearest pixel.
This function can be used to scale, translate, rotate, and shear the original image.
im.transform(size, QUAD, data) ⇒ image
im.transform(size, QUAD, data, filter) ⇒ image
Maps a quadrilateral (a region defined by four corners) from the image to a rectangle with the given size.
Data is an 8-tuple (x0, y0, x1, y1, x2, y2, y3, y3) which contain the upper left, lower left, lower right, and upper right corner of the source quadrilateral.
im.transform(size, MESH, data) image ⇒ image
im.transform(size, MESH, data, filter) image ⇒ image
Similar to QUAD, but data is a list of target rectangles and corresponding source quadrilaterals.
im.transform(size, PERSPECTIVE, data) image ⇒ image
im.transform(size, PERSPECTIVE, data, filter) image ⇒ image
Applies a perspective transform to the image, and places the result in a new image with the given size.
Data is a 8-tuple (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) which contains the coefficients for a perspective transform. For each pixel (x, y) in the output image, the new value is taken from a position (a x + b y + c)/(g x + h y + 1), (d x + e y + f)/(g x + h y + 1) in the input image, rounded to nearest pixel.
This function can be used to change the 2D perspective of the original image.
im.transform(size, method, data, filter) ⇒ image
Creates a new image with the given size, and the same mode as the original, and copies data to the new image using the given transform.
In the current version of PIL, the method argument can be EXTENT (cut out a rectangular subregion), AFFINE (affine transform), QUAD (map a quadrilateral to a rectangle), MESH (map a number of source quadrilaterals in one operation), or PERSPECTIVE. The various methods are described below.
The filter argument defines how to filter pixels from the source image. In the current version, it can be NEAREST (use nearest neighbour), BILINEAR (linear interpolation in a 2x2 environment), or BICUBIC (cubic spline interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image has mode “1” or “P”, it is set to NEAREST.
im.transform(size, EXTENT, data) ⇒ image
im.transform(size, EXTENT, data, filter) ⇒ image
Extracts a subregion from the image.
Data is a 4-tuple (x0, y0, x1, y1) which specifies two points in the input image’s coordinate system. The resulting image will contain data sampled from between these two points, such that (x0, y0) in the input image will end up at (0,0) in the output image, and (x1, y1) at size.
This method can be used to crop, stretch, shrink, or mirror an arbitrary rectangle in the current image. It is slightly slower than crop, but about as fast as a corresponding resize operation.
im.transform(size, AFFINE, data) ⇒ image
im.transform(size, AFFINE, data, filter) ⇒ image
Applies an affine transform to the image, and places the result in a new image with the given size.
Data is a 6-tuple (a, b, c, d, e, f) which contain the first two rows from an affine transform matrix. For each pixel (x, y) in the output image, the new value is taken from a position (a x + b y + c, d x + e y + f) in the input image, rounded to nearest pixel.
This function can be used to scale, translate, rotate, and shear the original image.
im.transform(size, QUAD, data) ⇒ image
im.transform(size, QUAD, data, filter) ⇒ image
Maps a quadrilateral (a region defined by four corners) from the image to a rectangle with the given size.
Data is an 8-tuple (x0, y0, x1, y1, x2, y2, y3, y3) which contain the upper left, lower left, lower right, and upper right corner of the source quadrilateral.
im.transform(size, MESH, data) image ⇒ image
im.transform(size, MESH, data, filter) image ⇒ image
Similar to QUAD, but data is a list of target rectangles and corresponding source quadrilaterals.
im.transform(size, PERSPECTIVE, data) image ⇒ image
im.transform(size, PERSPECTIVE, data, filter) image ⇒ image
Applies a perspective transform to the image, and places the result in a new image with the given size.
Data is a 8-tuple (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) which contains the coefficients for a perspective transform. For each pixel (x, y) in the output image, the new value is taken from a position (a x + b y + c)/(g x + h y + 1), (d x + e y + f)/(g x + h y + 1) in the input image, rounded to nearest pixel.
This function can be used to change the 2D perspective of the original image.
transpose #
im.transpose(method)
⇒ image
Returns a flipped or rotated copy of an image.
Method can be one of the following: FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT, FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM, ROTATE_90, ROTATE_180, or ROTATE_270.
Returns a flipped or rotated copy of an image.
Method can be one of the following: FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT, FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM, ROTATE_90, ROTATE_180, or ROTATE_270.
verify #
im.verify()
Attempts to determine if the file is broken, without actually decoding the image data. If this method finds any problems, it raises suitable exceptions. This method only works on a newly opened image; if the image has already been loaded, the result is undefined. Also, if you need to load the image after using this method, you must reopen the image file.
Note that this method doesn’t catch all possible errors; to catch decoding errors, you may have to load the entire image as well.
Attempts to determine if the file is broken, without actually decoding the image data. If this method finds any problems, it raises suitable exceptions. This method only works on a newly opened image; if the image has already been loaded, the result is undefined. Also, if you need to load the image after using this method, you must reopen the image file.
Note that this method doesn’t catch all possible errors; to catch decoding errors, you may have to load the entire image as well.
Attributes #
Instances of the Image class have the following attributes:format #
im.format
⇒ string or None
The file format of the source file. For images created by the library itself (via a factory function, or by running a method on an existing image), this attribute is set to None.
The file format of the source file. For images created by the library itself (via a factory function, or by running a method on an existing image), this attribute is set to None.
mode #
im.mode
⇒ string
Image mode. This is a string specifying the pixel format used by the image. Typical values are “1”, “L”, “RGB”, or “CMYK.” See Concepts for a full list.
Image mode. This is a string specifying the pixel format used by the image. Typical values are “1”, “L”, “RGB”, or “CMYK.” See Concepts for a full list.
size #
im.size
⇒ (width, height)
Image size, in pixels. The size is given as a 2-tuple (width, height).
Image size, in pixels. The size is given as a 2-tuple (width, height).
palette #
im.palette
⇒ palette or None
Colour palette table, if any. If mode is “P”, this should be an instance of the ImagePalette class. Otherwise, it should be set to None.
Colour palette table, if any. If mode is “P”, this should be an instance of the ImagePalette class. Otherwise, it should be set to None.
info #
im.info
⇒ dictionary
A dictionary holding data associated with the image. This dictionary is used by file handlers to pass on various non-image information read from the file. See documentation for the various file handlers for details.
Most methods ignore the dictionary when returning new images; since the keys are not standardized, it’s not possible for a method to know if the operation affects the dictionary. If you need the information later on, keep a reference to the info dictionary returned from the open method.
A dictionary holding data associated with the image. This dictionary is used by file handlers to pass on various non-image information read from the file. See documentation for the various file handlers for details.
Most methods ignore the dictionary when returning new images; since the keys are not standardized, it’s not possible for a method to know if the operation affects the dictionary. If you need the information later on, keep a reference to the info dictionary returned from the open method.
Read text file in Python
1) f = open( "rockyou.txt", "r" )for line in f:print line
2) with open("rockyou.txt", 'r') as f:
for line in f:
print line
Validate email with regex
public static Boolean validateEmail(String email) {
String EMAIL_PATTERN = "^[_A-Za-z0-9-\\+]+(\\.[_A-Za-z0-9-]+)*@"
+ "[A-Za-z0-9-]+(\\.[A-Za-z0-9]+)*(\\.[A-Za-z]{2,})$";
Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(EMAIL_PATTERN);
Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(email);
return matcher.matches();
}
Convert InputStream to JSONObject
/**
* JSON object input stream.
*
* @param in
* the in
* @return the JSON object
* @throws IOException
* Signals that an I/O exception has occurred.
*/
public static JSONObject jsonObjectInputStream(InputStream in)
throws IOException {
String line;
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in,
Charset.forName("UTF-8")));
JSONObject json = new JSONObject();
while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
try {
json = new JSONObject(line);
} catch (JSONException e) {
return null;
}
}
return json;
}
Send sms via twilio api
String login = "ACCOUNT_SID" + ":" + "AUTH_TOKEN";
String base64login = new String(Base64.encodeBase64(login.getBytes()));
String phoneNumber = "+14222456789";
String messageText = "Hello, World!";
try {
Response response = Jsoup
.connect(
"https://api.twilio.com/2010-04-01/Accounts/{ACCOUNT_SID}/Messages.json")
.header("Authorization", "Basic " + base64login)
.timeout(10000).method(Method.POST).data("To", phoneNumber)
.data("From", "+14211456789").data("Body", messageText)
.execute();
if (response.statusCode() == 201) {
System.out.println("send message");
} else {
System.out.println("Message Send Failure");
}
} catch (IOException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
Calculate age in Java
public static int getAge(long dateOfBirth) {
Calendar today = Calendar.getInstance();
Calendar birthDate = Calendar.getInstance();
int age = 0;
birthDate.setTimeInMillis(dateOfBirth);
if (birthDate.after(today)) {
return -1;
}
age = today.get(Calendar.YEAR) - birthDate.get(Calendar.YEAR);
// If birth date is greater than todays date (after 2 days adjustment of
// leap year) then decrement age one year
if ((birthDate.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_YEAR)
- today.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_YEAR) > 3)
|| (birthDate.get(Calendar.MONTH) > today.get(Calendar.MONTH))) {
age--;
// If birth date and todays date are of same month and birth day of
// month is greater than todays day of month then decrement age
} else if ((birthDate.get(Calendar.MONTH) == today.get(Calendar.MONTH))
&& (birthDate.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH) > today
.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH))) {
age--;
}
return age;
}
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